GPS (Global Positioning System)

GPS(Global Positioning System) is the
only system today able to show you
where your exactly position on the
earth at anytime and any weather
condition. 24 satellites are all orbit
around the earth at 11,000 nautical miles or approximately 20,200 kms.
above the earth. The satellites are
placed into six different orbital planes
and 55 degree inclination. They are
continuously monitored by ground
stations located worldwide.
GPS ELEMENTS
We can divide GPS system into three segments.
• SPACE SEGMENT
• USER SEGMENT
• CONTROL SEGMENT
• SPACE SEGMENT The space segment comprises a network of satellites .

LORAN (Long Range Navigation)

LORAN (Long Range Navigation) The
latest system known as LORAN-C .This
system will be discontinued due to
cost not effective. The US will continue
to operate the LORAN-C system
beyond the previously planned December 31, 2000. The termination
date is continuing to evaluate the long
term need for continuation of the
system. User will be given reasonable
notice so that they will have the
opportunity to transfer to alternative navigation aids. At this time we will
talking about this system a little
because they might keep this system
as a back up system.
OPERATION
LORAN is a net work of land based radio transmitters and was
developed to provide an accurate
system for long range navigation.

ADF (Automatic Direction Finder)

ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) is the
radio signals in the low to medium
frequency band of 190 Khz. to 1750
Khz. It was widely used today. It has
the major advantage over VOR
navigation in the reception is not limited to line of sight distance. The
ADF signals follow the curvature of the
earth. The maximum of distance is
depend on the power of the beacon.
The ADF can receives on both AM radio
station and NDB (Non-Directional Beacon). Commercial AM radio stations
broadcast on 540 to 1620 Khz. Non-
Directional Beacon operate in the
frequency band of 190 to 535 Khz.

Aircraft External Lighting System

The external lights on aircraft fall into two general categories. The first is navigation lights or beacons that are always illuminated while the aircraft is in operation. A second type includes takeoff and landing lights that are used to improve visibility when the plane is close to or on the ground. Several of these lights are discussed in greater detail below.

► Navigation lights: All aircraft are equipped with a steady light near the leading edge of each wingtip. When facing forward from the perspective of the pilot, the light on the right wingtip is green while that on the left wing is red. The different colors make it possible for an outside observer, such as the pilot of another aircraft, to determine which direction the plane is flying. These navigation lights are most useful at night when it is more difficult to tell the direction the plane is going without them.